We bring a very productive year to a close (34 new pages by my reckoning) with two new pages on very different subjects. Before introducing them, I must thank our contributors for their efforts. John Ellis is responsible for a lot of this year’s new content. John’s remarkable work is casting new light on the black presence in the British Army and Royal Navy in the 19th century and also in the trenches during World War One. But others, Audrey Dewjee and Bill Hern, have played their part too. Audrey can take particular pride in her work on the story of Bertie Robinson, the black servant at Harewood House who featured in a major exhibition there. Bill and I helped with an exhibition too, it celebrated some of the London Borough of Newham’s pioneering black footballers – it’s surprising how much black history you can work into a talk about football!
John Ellis’s latest discovery is the story of a black Royal Navy sailor called John Johnson. His marriage certificate, dating from 1846, cites his father’s occupation or profession as ‘negro slave’ – a very unusual entry on an English certificate. The marriage ended in tragic circumstances. John doesn’t speculate as to the underlying cause of the argument that led to the death of Mary Johnson but I can’t help but wonder whether racism played a part. Read the article and make up your own mind:
The second new page features Horace Halliburton, a man of the Windrush generation (although, in fact, he arrived on these shores before the Windrush). Horace played a leading role in the Causeway Green riots of 1949, as a peacemaker. You may not know about the Causeway Green riots and it’s very unlikely you will have heard of Horace. I started researching him hoping to discover an unsung hero and, to an extent, I did, but his life story turned out to be much more complicated than I expected. You can read about Horace here:
This post alerts you to two new pages, both articles by John Ellis, that have been added to our site recently. These two articles illustrate the rich diversity of the black contribution to British history (as does virtually all the content on the site!).
My initial reason for visiting Harewood House was to see the exhibition about the life of Bertie Robinson that I have written about elsewhere, but I was lucky enough to get a ticket for a black history walk around the house and grounds.
My tour guides were none other than Pablo Fanque and his charming wife Susannah. This was quite something as Pablo died in 1871 and Susannah pre-deceased him in 1848. Pablo (actually Joe Williams, founder of Heritage Corner) and Susannah (Vanessa Mudd) took us on a whirlwind tour of black history that encompassed Egypt, the three west African trading empires of Ghana, Songhai and Mali and much more besides, before returning us to York and Harewood.
When I was working I used to feel that if I learnt one thing on any course I attended it had not been a complete waste of time. This walk certainly passed the ‘one thing’ test with plenty of room to spare.
I will focus here on one story that was new to me (apologies to those who are familiar with it). It concerns ‘ivory bangle lady‘. whose remains were discovered during an excavation in York in 1901. She gains her name from one of the bangles she was wearing. One of her bangles was made of jet, a stone that can be found in Yorkshire, but the bangle fashioned from ivory clearly had a more exotic origin.
It was evident that she was a wealthy woman from the jewelry and other items buried with her. It also seems likely that when she died (in her twenties) in the second half of the 4th century AD she was a Christian as a message carved in bone was found in her grave: “Hail, sister, may you live in God”.
A reconstruction of the face of ‘ivory bangle lady’
Scientific advances since 1901 mean that far more is now known about her. She has been identified as of mixed heritage with at least one parent from north Africa. Applying the same scientific techniques to the remains of others in the same burial ground suggests that maybe 10% of the population of Roman York were of similar heritage. Perhaps you were aware of that but, for me, it was a revelation.
Returning to Pablo Fanque (real name William Darby), I had heard his story before but it was good to hear again about his remarkable life. The fact that he was born in Norwich in 1810 surprised me when I first heard about it but since then I have become more and more aware that the black presence was not restricted to major cities like London, Liverpool and Bristol but could be found in the countryside too. The evidence for this wider black presence can be seen not just in references in newspapers but in paintings and illustrations that date at least as far back as 1658 and may feature in a future post.
Pablo Fanque was a circus impresario and the walk took its name from a great storm that engulfed Pablo’s circus during a show at Harewood. The dramatic description of the storm reminded me of an event I attended recently where we were caught in a flimsy gazebo during a downpour of epic proportions.
Sadly, Susannah died when she was hit by falling beams when a gallery collapsed in the building where the circus was performing but Pablo soldiered on.
My one disappointment?Anyone familiar with the Beatles song Being for the Benefit of Mr Kite might reasonably have expected to see a bear, sadly no bears were in evidence! Apart from that, top marks to Joe and Vanessa for an entertaining and informative walk.
If you are in the Leeds area it would be well worth going on a future Heritage Corner walk and you can find out more here: https://heritagecornerleeds.com/
Lieutenant Colonel Macleod leading the 43rd Light Infantry in the Storming of Badajoz on 6th April 1812 in the Peninsular War. By John Augustus Atkinson
More incredible work by super sleuth John Ellis has now identified 500 individual Black soldiers serving in the British and Irish regiments of the Crown between 1715 and 1860. Among them, two individuals who, had they lived to receive the retrospectively awarded Military General Service Medal 1793-1814 in the late 1840s, would have been two of the most decorated veterans of the Light Division. These men and others like them led incredible lives in the service of the British Crown and yet their names are virtually unknown. Read John’s latest article to find out the full story:
John Ellis has written another article for us, this time about the remarkable life of Thomas Wells.
Thomas was born in Trincomalee, in modern day Sri Lanka. For those who don’t know (and I didn’t until I Googled it), Trincomalee is on the North East coast of Sri Lanka. Now (in pre-Covid times), it largely relies on tourism and modern day visitors are advised that among the ‘awesome’ things to do are: visit the nearby beaches; go whale watching; visit Fort Frederik; or visit the Hindu temple, Koneswaram. But in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries it was a major port and naval base and was occupied at various times by competing colonial powers, the Portuguese, the Dutch (from 1619), and British, with the French hovering menacingly too.
Thomas was born in about 1755, a time when the Dutch were in town. The Army records that John used to piece together Thomas’s remarkable story, describe him as ‘a black’ and having a ‘black’ complexion. This strongly suggests that neither parent was white.
“Nearly blind” and “Labourer … black”, one of the references to Thomas Wells’ complexion
We can’t know for sure the circumstances that led Thomas to enlist in the British Army but the records show that he served from 1774 and was still on active service in 1809 (in Nova Scotia!). The regiments Thomas was in saw service in Ireland, North America (during the War of Independence), Bermuda, the Bahamas and Canada. Even after he had been pensioned off from the Army and described as ‘nearly blind’ he still managed to enlist on an East India Company ship for a voyage to China.
In the new film version of Wuthering Heights, the fact that Heathcliff is played by a black actor may be more than an example of integrated casting. Portraying him as having African ancestry could be closer to Emily Bronte’s original intention than previous interpretations, where he was often seen as being a Traveller or Gypsy.
Remember how Heathcliff is introduced into the story. Mr. Earnshaw returns from a visit to Liverpool with a child he had seen “starving, and houseless, and as good as dumb in the streets”. He “picked it up and inquired for its owner. Not a soul knew to whom it belonged…and his money and time, being both limited, he thought it better, to take it home with him, at once, than run into vain expenses there; because he was determined he would not leave it as he found it.” Mr. Earnshaw tells his family, “you must…take it as a gift of God; though it’s as dark almost as if it came from the devil” (my italics). Later in the book, Mr. Linton, commenting on Heathcliff’s origins, suggests he could be “a little Lascar, or an American or Spanish castaway”.
As another indication of his possible origins, Emily Bronte gives Heathcliff just one name, which has to serve as both his personal and family name. Having only one name was common for many of the enslaved Africans who came to Britain. Masters were fond of renaming them after classical heroes such as Scipio, Pompey and Caesar, or with place names such as Liverpool, York, Pembroke and Barnard Castle. Some, like Olaudah Equiano, who spent many years named Gustavus Vassa after a Swedish king, managed to reclaim their African names. Emily, who was very well-read, may have been influenced by Equiano’s autobiography, first published in 1797, which played such an important part in the abolition campaign, or she may have heard of the impact Equiano made when he visited Yorkshire on his speaking tours.
What could have given her the idea to place a person of African (or Asian) descent on the moors of Yorkshire? Most likely because she saw, or heard of, such individuals in her daily life. There may have been black workers in the mills of Haworth.
Domestic servants, sailors, mixed-race family members and, I suspect, formerly-enslaved skilled plantation workers (such as millwrights and blacksmiths), made their way to Britain. They settled in Bradford, Leeds, Scarborough and various other towns, as well as villages in the moors and dales, where the Bronte sisters may have encountered them. The sisters could have heard of others in the stories of the locality, at a time when gossip and news
furnished much of country folk’s entertainment. As Charlotte explained, Emily knew the people around her, she “knew their ways, their language, their family histories, she could hear of them with interest, and talk of them with detail, minute, graphic, and accurate” and she was used to “listening to the secret annals of every rude vicinage (i.e. neighbourhood)”. This was the material from which she fashioned her story.
Perhaps she heard about John Yorke “a negro servant belonging to Mr. Hutton,” who was baptised in the parish church of Marske, near Richmond. He saved someone’s life in a fire on the moors and, as a reward for his bravery, he was given a cottage. Having his own home enabled him to marry a local girl and start a family. One of his sons became a noted bare-knuckle boxer; one of his grandsons moved to Bradford in search of work and found it at Bowling Iron Works. Over one hundred and thirty of John Yorke’s descendants are living in Britain today.
The baptismal entry for John Yorke
George Yorke, grandson of John Yorke (courtesy of Jennifer Thornton)
Maybe Emily heard tales of Ira Aldridge, a young African American, whose ambition to be an actor could not have been fulfilled in his native New York. Ira arrived in England about 1823 and a year later he married Margaret Gill, the daughter of a Yorkshire stocking weaver. He toured all over Britain, earning rave reviews wherever he went. Ira Aldridge later took British nationality, achieved star status (and a knighthood) in Europe, and died while on tour in Poland in 1867.
Ira Aldridge in the role of Othello (Manchester Art Gallery)
The first Mrs. Aldridge, née Margaret Gill
Thomas Place inherited his father’s land at Newton-le-Willows, near Bedale. After returning from his Jamaican plantation, William Place arranged for the manumission of his young son, “born of the body of a slave named Sherry Ellis”, and sent for him. This took many months and by the time Thomas arrived his father was dead. However, his aunt, uncle and cousins raised him and Thomas eventually became a farmer near Bishop Auckland.
Thomas Leigh, “a fine sharp boy of colour” aged 9, who had been apprenticed to a chimney sweep, had to be rescued, as he had been very badly treated by his master, whereas Thomas Anson (who may have been a partial inspiration for Heathcliff’s character in the film) liberated himself from enslavement by running away from the Sill family’s farm, high up on the slopes of Whernside.[2]
Runaway notice for Thomas Anson, in Williamson’s Liverpool Advertiser, 8 September, 1758.
The Sill family’s farm from which Thomas Anson made his escape.
Entries in parish registers record a variety of Africans and Asians who were baptised, married or buried in Yorkshire. Henry Osmyn, who was born in India and baptised in York at the age of three, remained in the county, where he also founded a large family.
Although the majority of the people of colour who came here were men, there were women too. Ruth “a native of Hindoostan” (i.e. India) was baptised in Knaresborough in 1820, while Betsy Sawyer, formerly enslaved in Antigua, was buried at Yeadon in 1839, where her gravestone can still be seen.
Betsy Sawyer’s gravestone, mounted on the wall of the Sunday School at Yeadon Methodist Church.
In 1797, Sophia Pierce, “the Black Girl” was sent, among a party of children from Westminster workhouse, to work in the newly built Greenholme Mill at Burley in Wharfedale. However, her career in Yorkshire didn’t last very long as Sophia “did not choose to be employed in the Cotton Works”, and went back to London the following year. Louisa Wild was recorded because she got into trouble with the law. Described as “a girl of colour”, she was charged with being drunk and disorderly at Bradford Court House in January 1839 and committed for a month. “She is the same damsel who a short time ago led the officers of Doncaster a steeple chase, clearing hedges and ditches with the facility of a greyhound, and eventually got clear of them all.” As the person who discovered this newspaper report remarked, nowadays she would probably be in our Olympic team.
These are just a few examples of the real-life people of Asian and African descent living in Yorkshire around the time that Emily Bronte was growing up and creating her masterpiece.
Why would Emily choose a black hero for her powerful love story? Wuthering Heights has been classed as one of the greatest romantic stories in English literature and no-one can fail to be aware of the passion it contains, but it is even more a story of revenge. Heathcliff fully repays those who for years had subjected him to degradation and torment. Coming from a fiercely anti-slavery family, perhaps Emily Bronte was trying to provide a warning of what can happen when such wrongs are heaped upon innocent people – they may acquire warped values and bring about the eventual ruin of their oppressors.
Although first published in 1847, Bronte’s story is set in the years 1801-02, with the narrative ranging backwards as far as 1758. Until the passing of the Act abolishing the shipment of enslaved people across the Atlantic in 1807, buying enslaved Africans and shipping them to the Americas was a legitimate trade for British merchants. After a long and hard-fought campaign by people in and out of Parliament and, not least, by the increasingly successful efforts of the Africans themselves, enslavement in British dominions was finally brought to an end in 1838. However, at the time of the novel’s publication, slavery was still flourishing in both North and South America. It was a big issue for many people in Britain who were involved in campaigns to end it globally and especially in North America where some had kith and kin.
Liverpool had been Britain’s most important slave trading port. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, it must have had a sizeable black population. On a visit to the town around 1789, Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck commented, “What surprised me most in the aspect of Liverpool was the multitude of black servants, almost all of whom had originally been slaves”.
African men, women and children were auctioned in Liverpool from time to time, for example eight people from the ship Thomas (3 men, 2 women, 2 boys and a girl) were put up for sale at the Customs House in 1766. Black sailors, from the Caribbean as well as Africa, were employed on board British ships, to replace the many white crew members who had died or deserted while abroad. Even greater numbers of sailors were recruited in India. Known as Lascars, they were less likely to be integrated into existing crews because of language obstacles. Ruled over by a bilingual serang, they usually remained apart, and thus were more easily exploited and underpaid. Liverpool became home to seafarers from both groups and it is therefore not surprising that there could have been black or mixed-race children among the many street-urchins who tried to stay alive on the city’s streets.
For over a hundred years, British merchants from ports such as Liverpool and Lancaster had purchased people in Africa and taken them to the Caribbean and North America where they could be tortured and worked to death on sugar and tobacco plantations, or in growing an abundance of other crops such as coffee, cotton, rice and arrowroot.
These crops were then shipped back to Britain on the third leg of a journey which, if the ship arrived safely, could net its owners a very handsome profit. Golden opportunities existed for adventurous spirits, the poverty stricken, or those who needed to leave the country for a while to escape various forms of trouble. Although many would perish from shipwreck or war or the ever-present menace of tropical diseases, some became rich as a result and a number managed to return to their native land.
Yorkshiremen from towns and cities and from the remotest corners of the dales went to seek their fortunes in this new world. Charles Inman, a man who was in line to inherit family property, chose to go to Lancaster to be apprenticed to a merchant. From there he went to Jamaica, where he died in 1767. His family in Nidderdale inherited his wealth. Henry Foster from Oughtershaw in remote Langstrothdale and John Sill of Dent both went to Jamaica, while George Kearton from Oxnop Hall in the wilds of Swaledale chose to establish an arrowroot plantation on the island of St. Vincent. When George Metcalfe retired to Hawes, he still held large sugar estates in Dominica and Demerara (now Guyana).
George Metcalfe’s gravestone, Hawes Churchyard, Wensleydale. (Dales Countryside Museum, Hawes)
Many of those who became owners of, or workers on, plantations, fathered children with enslaved African women, regardless of whether they had a white wife and family with them or back at home.
When planters and their families returned to Britain on a visit or for good, they often brought enslaved Africans with them to look after their needs en route in order to make the long, arduous voyage more bearable. The same was true for those who went to India to seek their fortunes as traders or soldiers. They too fathered children with Indian women, and brought servants back with them; whilst men from both groups sent their mixed-race children to attend schools in Yorkshire.
Emily Bronte would have been well-aware of such facts. Intending to set her readers thinking, she shrouded Heathcliff’s origins in mystery. In portraying Heathcliff as a man of African descent, Andrea Arnold, the director of the new film, has chosen a plausible, if less-familiar, interpretation of his background. In so doing she has rendered a valuable service, by reminding us of an inter-racial British past which is, too often, overlooked.
[1]BASA Newsletter – BASA, the Black and Asian Studies Association (originally known as ASACACHIB – Association for the Study of African, Caribbean and Asian Culture and History in Britain), published a thrice-yearly journal which was full of interesting articles by a wide variety of writers on a hugely diverse range of topics. It also included snippets of information about Black and Asian people in Britain over many centuries, which could then be followed up by anyone interested in pursuing their stories. Several of the later issues of the Newsletter are available online at http://www.blackandasianstudies.org/newsletter_newsletter-html
Regular contributor, John Ellis, has taken a break from discovering Black sailors at the Battle of Trafalgar, to unearth the sad story of Richard Umhala, the son of an African Prince, who died, aged just 8, in Bradford in 1848. Read John’s article to find out how Richard came to be in Bradford http://historycalroots.com/a-great-favourite-with-both-officers-and-men-richard-umhala-an-african-prince-in-victorian-bradford and why he is buried over 6,000 miles from his birthplace (and, given that Richard would have made much of his journey by sea, the actual distance he traveled would have been far greater).
John Ellis continues his painstaking research to demonstrate the presence of black sailors at the Battle of Trafalgar, a presence that has been written out of British history.
Naval service records are yielding a remarkable number of references to ‘black’ sailors and you can find John’s two latest discoveries here:
And anything that gives me a reason to include J M W Turner’s painting of ‘The Fighting Temeraire’ (John Ephraim served on the Temeraire) is especially welcome!
Anyone who has visited central London cannot fail to have noticed the iconic part that the Battle of Trafalgar plays in the British national story – an enormous public space is named after it and, at its centre, the victorious Admiral, Nelson, stands atop a 51.7 metre column, master of all he surveys. Any visitor would have to be eagle-eyed (or particularly knowledgeable) to spot the Black presence – but it is there in Trafalgar Square, just as it was there at the battle itself.
It is exceptionally difficult to identify named Black sailors who were involved in the battle itself as there is scant biographical information, other than names and places of birth, for any of the Black Trafalgar veterans, or indeed the Black veterans of any major Royal Navy engagement of the Napoleonic Wars. However John’s meticulous research has identified Black sailors who served in the Royal Navy in the years leading up to Trafalgar and some who served after it. Combined with pictorial evidence of the battle and the presence of an obviously Black sailor on the bronze reliefs on the plinth of Nelson’s column itself, the Black presence at this pivotal moment in British history cannot be gainsaid by anyone willing to open their eyes to the evidence.
John has also pieced together for us the biographies of:
Based on extensive original research, these four stories (and the material in John’s associated article) give a great insight into the wide diversity of men who could be found serving in the Royal Navy in the latter part of the 18th and early 19th centuries.
If that were not enough and by way of an introduction, John has also provided short biographies of three further sailors. He invited us to take our pick but, in all honesty, all the stories deserve to be heard.
The United Service by Andrew Morton
The people in the painting are identified on the frame and “wearing a red hat, is the veteran black sailor John Deman (c.1774-1847), who served with Nelson in the West Indies.” [Deman is also spelt as Dayman in the records].
John Dayman (sic Deman) was born in St Kitts, West Indies, circa 1784. On enlisting in the Royal Navy in 1804 he gave his previous occupation as “Sea” suggesting prior service in the merchant marine. His last ship was HMS Swift. Between 1804 and 1806 the Swift was stationed in the Caribbean, (The West Indies), and it may be that John Dayman enlisted locally. On 5th February 1807 he was admitted to Greenwich Hospital as an in-pensioner having lost his eye-sight. On admittance it was noted that he was not married, was 5/5” tall and “a black.” In 1845 he was one of a number of Royal Navy pensioners depicted meeting Army pensioners in The United Service by Andrew Morton. The biography provided by Morton was: “…wearing a red hat, is the veteran black sailor John Deman (c.1774-1847), who served with Nelson in the West Indies.” (Nelson was indeed in the Caribbean during the period Deman served there – pursuing the French fleet that he would later defeat at Trafalgar – although “served with” was the artist stretching the claim to fame slightly). He died on the 3rd December 1847 at Greenwich Hospital. To round off the story we sent off for a copy of John’s death certificate hoping this would show us the cause of death. It did but unfortunately the entry was indecipherable.
Ralph Hinston was born in New York, USA c.1746. His date of birth and subsequent service in the Royal Navy indicates that he was almost certainly a Black Loyalist during the American War of Independence.
HMS Arethusa and HMS Anson (one of the many ships Ralph Hinston served on) capture the Pomona off Havana, depicted by Thomas Whitcombe
Hinston commenced his service with the Royal Navy when he enlisted as an Ordinary Seaman on HMS Conqueror in October 1778 whilst it was on the North American Station during the American War of Independence. In 1779 he saw action with the Conqueror at the Battles of Grenada and Martinique, and his records subsequently indicated that he was wounded in the head during one of the engagements. Recovering from the wound, Hinston was to serve over twenty-three years as an Able Seaman in the Royal Navy (significant service in brackets):
HMS Suffolk 1780-1781 (the actions of 15th and 18th March 1781, and then convoy escort to Plymouth). HMS Anson 1781-1782 (Battle of the Saintes). HMS Thalia 1782-1783 (Coppering at Portsmouth). HMS Camilla 1783-1787 (Two deployments to Jamaica). HMS Cumberland 1788 (Guard ship at Plymouth). HMS Pylades 1790. HMS Serpent 1790-1792. In 1790, whilst serving on HMS Serpent, he married Jane Blower, a widow, at St Andrew Anglican Church in Plymouth, Devon. HMS Blond 1792. HMS Alligator 1793-1794 (Capture of St Pierre and Miquelon 1793. Captured La Liberte near Jamaica 1794). HMS Europa 1794-1795. HMS Carnatic 1795-1796 (Plymouth). HMS Colossus 1796. HMS Russell 1796-1799 (Portsmouth. The Battle of Camperdown 1797. Ireland). Jane Hinston appears to have died sometime between 1790 and 1798, because Ralph re-married Elizabeth Bradley, a widow, at St Andrew Anglican Church in Plymouth in October 1798. HMS Ramillies 1799-1801 (Operations in Quiberon Bay). During his service on the Ramillies in 1799 an allotment from his wages were paid to his wife Elizabeth in Plymouth. HMS Formidable 1801-1802 (Jamaica).
Ralph Hinston (“a black”) was admitted on a pension to Greenwich Hospital in 1803. He was 5/1” tall (the average height was 5/6”) and had been born in New York. The reason for his admittance was a wound to the head received whilst serving on the Conqueror. His last ship was the Formidable. His wife’s name was Elizabeth. It was noted that he had served in the Royal Navy for a total of 23 years 3 months and 3 days.
Ralph Hinston died in Greenwich Hospital on the 21st of December 1803. He was interred in the Greenwich Royal Naval Hospital Old Burial Ground two days later.
HMS Monarch in the lead, with Elephant (one of the many ships George Kennear served on) close behind forcing the Passage of the Sound, 30 March 1801, prior to the Battle of Copenhagen
George Kennear was born in Bombay, India c.1759. He was admitted to Greenwich Hospital on a pension in August 1813, when it was noted that he was “a black” and approximately 5/5” tall. There is some doubt to his year of birth, but it was between 1749 and 1767. (Age was frequently difficult to determine).
Kennear claimed service on HMS Superb (1778-1783) and HMS Coventry (1775-1784), however, this service was rejected – probably because the dates of service were contradictory. His service was allowed to count towards his pension for: HMS Nancy 1795-1796 (as an Ordinary Seaman). HMS Goliath 1796-1799 (as an Ordinary Seaman at the Second Battle of Cape Vincent). HMS Elephant 1799-1805 (as an Ordinary Seaman in Portsmouth, at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 and later in Jamaica and Chatham). HMS Ramillies 1805-1808 (as an Able Seaman in Chatham, at the capture of the French Privateer La Josephine in 1805 and off the Leeward Islands). HMS Defence 1808-1811 (as an Able Seaman). HMS Tartarus 1809-1813 (as an Able Seaman in the Baltic 1810-1811).
When admitted to Greenwich, Kennear was suffering from an injury to his left leg. It was noted that he was un-married, resided in Paddington and had served over 17 years in the Royal Navy. George Kennear died in Greenwich Hospital on the 18th of January 1820.
