In his latest article for Historycal Roots John Ellis follows the extraordinary life of Stephen Pappin.
He was born in about 1788 in the French colony of St Domingue on the island of Hispaniola (as it was then known) in the Caribbean. This was a tumultuous period in the history of the island. The French, Spanish and British were all vying for a piece of the action but the enslaved black population had their own ideas. Their inspirational leader, Toussaint Louverture, led the efforts that eventually led to the creation of the first black independent nation state outside of Africa in 1804 (although Toussaint Louverture had died at the hands of the French the previous year).[1]The book ‘Black Spartacus: The Epic Life of Toussaint Louverture’ by Sudhir Hazareesingh tells the full, complex story Stephen Pappin, a ‘man of colour’ may have been just old enough to play a part in the fighting.
What we do know is that by 1807 he was serving in the French Army of Napoleon Bonaparte. I won’t ‘spoil’ John’s story here but suffice to say it includes time spent as a Prisoner of War, 24 years of service in the British Army (including front line service during the Peninsular War), marriage to a French woman, the birth of ten children in three different countries, retirement from the Army on a pension, a move to New South Wales where he became a farmer (of 100 acres of land) and time spent playing the bugle and drums at the Royal Victorian Theatre, Sydney.
If you read the article by Roxanne Gleave and Audrey Dewjee about GEMS in art you will be familiar with a number of images of black people in paintings. Roxanne and Audrey focussed in particular on the paintings as evidence of the black presence in Britain at various times (16th to 19th centuries), various locations (town/country) and in various roles (servant/groom/sailor/worker). They sought to answer the questions ‘who/what/where/when?’ If you missed their article you can see it here:
We must thank Liz Millman for drawing our attention to a recent article with a similar theme. Liz runs Black History Conversations[1]Series 5 of Black History Conversations has just concluded but series 6 will start shortly http://www.blackhistoryconversations.com/index.asp?pageid=717246 and is very good at finding material that we would otherwise have missed. During a recent conversation she mentioned an article she had seen ‘The visible invisibility of black people in aristocratic portraiture.’ Naturally we were intrigued. It contains more examples of GEMS in art. The article by Marjorie H Morgan, cites paintings found in stately homes across the country, including a number of National Trust properties. You can read it here:
Roxanne and Audrey concluded their article by saying ‘We hope that you will seek out such representations when you next visit a museum or gallery and would love to hear about your ‘discoveries’.’ Marjorie’s article has introduced some more examples, there are many more out there, feel free to tell us about them.
Perhaps we take our ability to travel long distances in a short space of time for granted?
The distance from New York to London can now be traversed in less than six hours.
The flight time from Halifax in Nova Scotia to London is very similar.
An ocean going liner can cross the Atlantic in four days.
Taking things in more leisurely style, a ship like the Queen Mary will stroll across in seven days.
Going back a little further in time, the Empire Windrush took over two weeks to bring the Windrush pioneers from the Caribbean to England in 1948, but only a little over.
The troop ships bringing men from the Caribbean to England in 1915 also took about two weeks. The RMS Danube landed an initial contingent of recruits from British Guiana (as it then was) at Plymouth, their journey started on 21st August 1915 and they disembarked on 5th September.
But if we aren’t careful we may forget that it was not always like that.
We don’t know how long it took George Wise to get from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, certainly many years as his journey was a circuitous one. His Army record shows that with the 29th Worcestershire Regiment of Foot he “served four years and six months in the Peninsula [Spain], seven months in Gibraltar, two years and one month in North America, and eight years seven months in the Mauritius. Was present at the battles of Rolica, Vimiera, Talavera and Albuera, and also at the capture of the Ponotscot Territory, United States, North America, in the expedition under the command of Lt.Gen. Sir John Sherbroke in 1814.” His first recorded presence in Liverpool was in 1837 (where he was part of a burgeoning black community), thirty two years after he first enlisted in Nova Scotia.
There are so many things about today’s world that George would find incredible, among them our ability to cross the Atlantic in hours rather than weeks, but, if you read the latest article for Historycal Roots by John Ellis, there are many aspects of the story of George Wise that we might find incredible. You can judge for yourself here:
There are many ways to uncover the lives of people ‘lost’ to history. If you look at the articles on this site you will find evidence of most of them:
parish records ☑
census records ☑
military records ☑
hospital records (particularly the hospitals at Chelsea (Army) and Greenwich (Navy)) ☑
birth, marriage and death records ☑
paintings ☑ and
churchyards and gravestones. ☑
Of course, each article will use a mixture of the above (and probably others).
John Ellis’ most recent article is based almost entirely on another source – newspaper reports. More and more old newspapers are being digitised and you can search them easily enough from the comfort of your own home. The British Newspaper Archive currently claims to give access to over 48 million pages. And we aren’t just talking about the big names of the newspaper publishing world. John’s article about ‘Black Geordie’ Graham, draws its content from The Lanarkshire Upper Ward Examiner, The Hamilton Advertiser and the Ayr Observer, which, with respect, were hardly household names (in most households at any rate) even in 1886 when the stories appeared.
But enough on methodology, what of the story?
The newspaper reports from 1886 tell of a ‘strange visitor’ who appeared mysteriously in the countryside of Ayrshire near the small village of Cumnock ‘half a century ago.’ Variously described as a ‘foreigner’, a ‘sable stranger’, this man of ‘ebony colour’ was clearly initially regarded as a curiosity, but gradually the villagers came to know his story, why he disappeared for months on end and how he came to make his living, for ‘Black Geordie’, as he came to be known, was a man of surprising talents and unsuspected skills. The story could have ended sadly with ‘Black Geordie’ found dead in one of the fast flowing streams or deep pools in the countryside around Cumnock but … well, it’s best to just read John’s article for yourself to see how it ends:
One job I had in the past was to work with others across government to look at the causes of homelessness and try to come up with solutions. For a while I think we had some success but some problems never really go away and the case of Peter Bishop illustrates that there is nothing new under the sun.[1]’The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun.’ … Continue reading
I remember being surprised at the disproportionate number of ex-service people to be found among the homeless. We discussed the causes of that. Perhaps I shouldn’t have been shocked, making the transition from a job involving strict discipline with, possibly, periods of intense adrenaline rush, to a life with neither order nor excitement, is bound to be difficult. It isn’t just those who have served in the Forces who experience this, professional footballers, to cite just one example, face similar issues, but perhaps military service is an extreme case.
In the 19th century much of the support that might be available today to those leaving the Forces simply didn’t exist. True, if you were lucky, you might get a pension or even a place in the hospital at Greenwich (Navy) or Chelsea (Army) but not everyone was lucky. Peter Bishop, who served at the Battle of Waterloo, was one of the unlucky ones. Peter Bishop also happened to be Black in an overwhelmingly White society. You can read about him in John Ellis’ latest article for Historycal Roots:
While I’m here, I really should mention a lovely little update to another of John’s articles. It’s always great when a descendant spots a story on Historycal Roots about a relative and makes contact, sometimes they are able to add additional information. Since writing his article about Roy Van Twest, John has been in contact with Roy’s grandson and we have added an ‘afterword’ to the original piece:
’The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun.’ Ecclesiastes, 1:9 (King James Bible version); even more appropriate, perhaps, is the New Living Version of the same passage ‘History merely repeats itself. It has all been done before. Nothing under the sun is truly new.’
On one of the Zoom events we attended during 2021 someone pointed out that, globally, white people are in a minority and that it is non-white people who form the global ethnic majority (GEM). We have got so used to (and become conditioned into) talking in terms of the ‘ethnic minority’ or, possibly, ‘black and minority ethnic’, that it is easy to forget the global context. We liked the idea and in this article we are going to unashamedly use ‘GEM’ as a reminder of this global reality.
GEMS in art
Awareness that there has been a black presence in Britain since at least Roman times has been growing gradually but, if we are challenged, what evidence can we produce?
Audrey Dewjee’s research into the early black presence in north Wales is documented in an article on this site [1]https://www.historycalroots.com/discovering-black-history-in-wales/, whilst for his many articles for us, John Ellis has drawn together records from a number of sources to identify the black presence in the Royal Navy and British Army in the 18th and 19th centuries.[2]If you type ‘ellis’ into this site’s ‘search’ box John’s articles will come up
Another way, of course, is to diligently trawl through parish records as people like Kathleen Chater have done [3]Untold Histories – Black people in England and Wales during the period of the British slave trade, c.1660-1807, Kathleen Chater, Manchester University Press, 2011. Kathleen is an outstanding example, there are numerous others who have adopted the same approach to identify examples of an early black presence in Britain.
The authors of this article have long been in the habit when going round museums and art galleries of looking for evidence of a black presence. It can be a dispiriting experience as, often, wall after wall is filled with portraits of white people or group scenes with no black representation at all. But there are examples to be spotted.
This article is about GEMS in art and offers just a few examples of black people being depicted in art. We are not art historians, our aim is simply to show that black people have been present in Britain for centuries and that, sometimes, that presence was captured in the art of the day.
Who? What? Where? When?
Having scoured the gallery and finally identified the portrayal of a black person, in many cases, there is an immediate sense of frustration because they are, often but not always, not the main character in the scene; they are in the shadows, at the edges of the frame and, hence, anonymous. So, we may not know who they are, we cannot (with some exceptions) talk about them as personalities, but their mere presence, the fact they are there at all, depicted in a painting, is evidence of a black presence in the society they inhabited.
We may not know their names but we can deduce something about what they did from the role they are depicted in. Many are very obviously servants, literally subservient and therefore reliant on the whim of their employer; but it is worth remembering that the life of a servant could be relatively secure compared to other working class people who might live their lives in, or on the brink of, destitution. But there are others in roles such as: groom, looking after horses, trumpeter in a grand pageant, or military personnel either in the Army or the Royal Navy. They are depicted in these roles because these are the roles performed by black people in society at large. We don’t need to simply assume this, it is something that we can confirm from documentary evidence.
Paintings can also tell us about where black people lived and can give the lie to the common misconception that black people were only present in cities or large towns. There are pictures, for instance, of black grooms attending their master’s horses on the great country estates. Black men (it was usually men) who lived on a country estate would have played their part in the life of the local community, for instance by attending church, and possibly marrying a local woman and establishing a family.
Finally, the dates of paintings tell us when there was a black presence. The earliest example we will use in this article dates from the 16th century.
The sixteenth century
In her book, Black Tudors,[4]’Black Tudors – the untold story’, Miranda Kaufmann, Oneworld Publication, 2017 Miranda Kauffmann identifies dozens of people described as ‘moors’ or ‘blackamoors’ during Tudor times, she writes ‘In 1560, Sir John Young of Bristol had an African gardener, as did Sir Henry Bromley of Holt, Worcestershire, in 1607 … Grace Robinson, a blackamoor, worked as a laundress alongside John Morockoe, a blackamoor, in the kitchen and scullery for Richard Sackville, the third Earl of Dorset, at Knole in Kent between 1613 and 1624.’[5]ibid p.102 One of these ‘black Tudors’, John Blanke, is depicted in a painting.
Dating from 1511, this is part of a pictorial record that Henry VIII had made of a grand tournament to mark the birth of a male child who, as it turned out, only survived for a few weeks. Henry commissioned the Westminster Tournament Roll, a unique treasure held at the College of Arms in London.
It is a pictorial illuminated manuscript, a continuous roll approximately 60 feet long. It is a narrative of the beginning, middle and end of the tournament, which took place over two days.
British School Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies wearing Beauty Patches
This painting from about 1650 was in the news as we were writing this article. Described as ‘recently discovered’ it had been sold at auction to an overseas buyer. The British Government stepped in to temporarily delay its export in the hope that a British gallery would come forward and buy it because of the highly unusual subject matter.
‘Although not distinguished artistically’ it is described as ‘a great rarity in British art, as a mid-seventeenth-century work that depicts a black woman and a white woman with equal status.’[7]https://hyperallergic.com/699732/uk-bans-export-rare-painting-featuring-black-and-white-woman/ The presence of a black woman is intriguing, why would the anonymous artist have included her if women like her did not live around him? The figures do not look like caricatures to us, someone sat for the artist while he (or she) went about their work.
This illustration comes from a book about new methods of training horses by William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, first published in 1658. It shows a black groom working at Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire. We include this picture because it shows
something that is often forgotten: Black and Asian people lived in the countryside as well as in big towns. Over the years they were employed in all sorts of capacities – such as grooms, coachmen, gardeners, huntsmen and farm workers. For example, there was a newspaper report in 1768 which said that ‘on Saturday afternoon, a Negro servant who was harrowing with three horses in a field at Beckenham was killed by lightning, as were also two of the horses.’ For anyone who doesn’t know, harrowing is done after ploughing to break up and smooth the surface of the soil, prior to planting.
Most of our examples will show people apparently of ‘African’ or ‘African-Caribbean’ descent. However, we have included this painting from c1672[8]York Museums Trust by Sir Peter Lely (a very high profile painter) to illustrate the Asian/Indian presence, a presence that was a direct consequence of the East India Company’s growing ‘colonisation’ of the sub-Continent from 1600 onwards.
Lely painted many portraits for Charles II, often of his numerous mistresses. However, this is Charlotte Fitzroy, his daughter by Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. It shows her with a young Indian pageboy who seems to be about the same age. Indian servants were not as common as African, but there were certainly a number of them around after 1600 when the East India Company was founded. Some rich people who wanted to be slightly different than the rest managed to acquire Chinese servants and you can occasionally come across pictures of them too.
(reproduced with permission of the National Portrait Gallery)
(detail)
Africans and Asians were employed indoors as well as out. They were considered a status symbol – ‘an index of rank and opulence supreme’ as one writer put it. They were dressed in expensive exotic costumes and were often painted alongside their wealthy owners – again as an indicator of wealth. For us today this is fortunate, as otherwise we would not be able to see their portraits.
Only the very rich could afford to have their portraits painted, so most servants have left no visual record of their existence. This portrait from 1682 by Pierre Mignard is of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, one of Charles II’s many mistresses. According to the National Portrait Gallery, the little girl ‘is shown presenting precious coral, pearls and shell to the duchess to emphasise her wealth and position. The child’s dark skin also emphasises the whiteness of the duchess’s complexion.’[9]https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp03623/louise-de-keroualle-duchess-of-portsmouth
The eighteenth century
This is one of a series of paintings done for Goodwood House[10]https://www.goodwood.com/visit-eat-stay/goodwood-house/the-collection/painting-collection/ by George Stubbs, again one of the most sought after (and expensive) painters of his day. He was best known for his paintings of horses. Dating from 1759 and titled ‘Shooting at Goodwood’, it includes a black groom working on a country estate, a perfect illustration of a black presence away from urban settings.
Goodwood was already famous for horse racing at the time this picture was created and the scene shows that at least one of the grooms employed at Goodwood was of African descent. According to the Goodwood website, the black servant holding the Arab horse, may either be Thomas Robinson, who came to Goodwood in the 1740s and was named after the Governor of Barbados, or a footman named Jean Baptiste, who came from one of the French colonies.
The black servant is believed to be Ottobah Cugoano
This is a 1784 engraving of a painting by Richard Cosway.[11]Reproduced with permission of The National Portrait Gallery We have included it because the black servant is believed to be Ottobah Cugoano. Along with Olaudah Equiano, Cugoano was one of the black men who campaigned vigorously against slavery. Too often the agency of blacks in achieving their own freedom is downplayed or overlooked completely.
Cugoano actually went further than Equiano in arguing for the complete abolition of slavery, by his reckoning ‘every man in Great Britain [is] responsible in some degree, for the shocking and inhuman murders and oppressions of Africans.’[12] ‘Thoughts and sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species’ , published in 1787
We make no apologies for featuring this painting of Dido Elizabeth Belle with her cousin, Lady Elizabeth Murray.[13]The painting, now attributed to David Martin, hangs at Scone Palace in Perthshire, the ancestral home of the descendants of Lord Mansfield Dido lived with her great uncle, the Lord Chief Justice of England, Lord Mansfield, on his Hampstead estate at Kenwood. Mansfield’s rulings, particularly in the case of the Zong massacre, helped to undermine the trade in enslaved people.
Much of the history we were taught in school was about white men, generally white men of a particular class (people like Lord Mansfield). Dido stands out because she was a black woman whose mother had been enslaved, thus in this painting she defies the three things that rendered so many people like her invisible, race, class and gender.
Some black women left their mark by writing about their lives, people like Mary Prince. Dido didn’t leave us a written legacy, instead we have this portrait of her dating from 1779 and, thanks to the brilliant work of a number of researchers, we know quite a lot about her life (helping us answer the ‘who?’ question). There are a number of articles about Dido on this site but if you want to learn about her you really should visit the All Things Georgian website.[14]The latest in a series of articles about Dido on All Things Georgian can be found here:https://georgianera.wordpress.com/2022/01/03/dido-elizabeth-belle-ranelagh-street-pimlico/
In art as in life, someone’s status as a GEM will not always be readily apparent. This painting, dating from 1798, depicts Nancy Graham.
Louvre, Paris
Perhaps she doesn’t look like a GEM but we picked up her story from David Alston’s excellent book ‘Slaves and Highlanders’[15]’Slaves and Highlanders’, David Alston, Edinburgh University Press, 2021 ‘Nancy was the illegitimate daughter of Francis Graham and Miss Jackson, a ‘free coloured’ woman in Jamaica …. Nancy arrived in Scotland as a young girl and had her portrait painted by the fashionable society artist, Henry Raeburn.’[16]https://www.wikiart.org/en/henry-raeburn/little-girl-holding-flowers-portrait-of-nancy-graham So, the girl in the painting may not look like a GEM but there is clear documentary proof that she had one black grandparent.
The nineteenth century
Thanks to the work of John Ellis we now have a much better understanding of the black presence in the British Army and Navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. That black soldiers and sailors were present at the Battles of Waterloo and Trafalgar, key moments in British history, has been proven beyond doubt by his research into service and pension records of the time.
As you can see above, their presence at Trafalgar was reflected in the art of the day, a black sailor is shown at the thick of the action in this painting depicting the death of Nelson.[17]The Death of Nelson, painting by Samuel Drummond, Oil on canvas. H 133 X W 160 cm. The Nelson Museum, Yarmouth.https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-death-of-nelson-351
In this painting of 1829 we see a black woman in a different context, at work as a flower seller in London’s Hungerford Market (which stood on the site of what is now Charing Cross station) Sitting on her upturned basket, it looks as if she has completed her work for the day and is feeling rather pleased with herself. It looks as if her white companion still has a long day’s work ahead of her!
The names of the people in the painting are known as they are noted around the frame. The black man is John Dayman or Deman. He was born on St. Kitts in about 1784 and served with Nelson in the West Indies. He wasn’t actually at the Battle of Trafalgar but we know the identity of black sailors who were. Dayman spent his last years at the Greenwich Naval hospital where he died on 3rd December 1847.[18]The United Service, National Maritime Museum, Greenwish
Isabella Paula, 1834
Some paintings are more mysterious than others. Nothing is known about Isabella Paula, other than her name and that she was in York in 1834 where her portrait was painted by a famous local artist, Mary Ellen Best. It was captioned, “Isabella Paula, a Portuguese Hindoo, 1834”. It is thought that perhaps she may have been connected with a circus or travelling fair.
What does the term “Portuguese Hindoo” refer to? Perhaps Isabella came from Goa – which was a Portuguese “overseas territory” until 1961. Maybe she was of mixed Indian and Portuguese ancestry. The Portuguese had settled and traded in India long before the British arrived and, just like the early British settlers, they intermarried with local women and created a large Eurasian population.
Note the beautiful patterns on Isabella Paula’s clothes. Indian motifs like these were copied by British textile firms, especially those on the edge of her shawl and on her skirt. This design eventually became known as “Paisley Pattern,” after the town in Scotland that mass produced it. Shawls originated in India and were introduced to Britain in the 1760s. Initially shawls were only worn by the upper classes, as they were imported from India and very expensive. However, from about 1800 to 1870 they were in daily use all over Britain. Some were patterned, some were plain but every woman wore them, rich and poor.
[19]This photograph is available from The National Portrait Gallery although we first saw it at the local studies room of Croydon library
[20]Reproduced with permission of the National Portrait Gallery
As the nineteenth century progressed photography developed to the extent that photographs also become a valuable source for recording the black presence. Apart from including young Samuel Coleridge-Taylor’s school photo (he is seated, far right), we won’t deal with photographs here. In this case our view is that the photograph is more informative about the circumstances of young Samuel’s life than the painting.
We will finish with this painting of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor as a boy in 1881. Samuel went on to become one of the best known and most popular composers of classical music in the closing years of the nineteenth century and earliest decades on the twentieth.
Conclusion
The people in these paintings are not made up from artists’ imaginations. In a number of cases they are portrayals of named individuals and, where that is not the case, it is clear that they are based on black people that the artists would have seen around them, their features are individualised not mere ‘caricatures’. These are just examples, chosen to illustrate our point that paintings are a valuable source of social history in general terms but, more specifically, can be used to illustrate the centuries-long black presence in Britain. We hope that you will seek out such representations when you next visit a museum or gallery and would love to hear about your ‘discoveries’.
Untold Histories – Black people in England and Wales during the period of the British slave trade, c.1660-1807, Kathleen Chater, Manchester University Press, 2011
We bring a very productive year to a close (34 new pages by my reckoning) with two new pages on very different subjects. Before introducing them, I must thank our contributors for their efforts. John Ellis is responsible for a lot of this year’s new content. John’s remarkable work is casting new light on the black presence in the British Army and Royal Navy in the 19th century and also in the trenches during World War One. But others, Audrey Dewjee and Bill Hern, have played their part too. Audrey can take particular pride in her work on the story of Bertie Robinson, the black servant at Harewood House who featured in a major exhibition there. Bill and I helped with an exhibition too, it celebrated some of the London Borough of Newham’s pioneering black footballers – it’s surprising how much black history you can work into a talk about football!
John Ellis’s latest discovery is the story of a black Royal Navy sailor called John Johnson. His marriage certificate, dating from 1846, cites his father’s occupation or profession as ‘negro slave’ – a very unusual entry on an English certificate. The marriage ended in tragic circumstances. John doesn’t speculate as to the underlying cause of the argument that led to the death of Mary Johnson but I can’t help but wonder whether racism played a part. Read the article and make up your own mind:
The second new page features Horace Halliburton, a man of the Windrush generation (although, in fact, he arrived on these shores before the Windrush). Horace played a leading role in the Causeway Green riots of 1949, as a peacemaker. You may not know about the Causeway Green riots and it’s very unlikely you will have heard of Horace. I started researching him hoping to discover an unsung hero and, to an extent, I did, but his life story turned out to be much more complicated than I expected. You can read about Horace here:
This post alerts you to two new pages, both articles by John Ellis, that have been added to our site recently. These two articles illustrate the rich diversity of the black contribution to British history (as does virtually all the content on the site!).
My initial reason for visiting Harewood House was to see the exhibition about the life of Bertie Robinson that I have written about elsewhere, but I was lucky enough to get a ticket for a black history walk around the house and grounds.
My tour guides were none other than Pablo Fanque and his charming wife Susannah. This was quite something as Pablo died in 1871 and Susannah pre-deceased him in 1848. Pablo (actually Joe Williams, founder of Heritage Corner) and Susannah (Vanessa Mudd) took us on a whirlwind tour of black history that encompassed Egypt, the three west African trading empires of Ghana, Songhai and Mali and much more besides, before returning us to York and Harewood.
When I was working I used to feel that if I learnt one thing on any course I attended it had not been a complete waste of time. This walk certainly passed the ‘one thing’ test with plenty of room to spare.
I will focus here on one story that was new to me (apologies to those who are familiar with it). It concerns ‘ivory bangle lady‘. whose remains were discovered during an excavation in York in 1901. She gains her name from one of the bangles she was wearing. One of her bangles was made of jet, a stone that can be found in Yorkshire, but the bangle fashioned from ivory clearly had a more exotic origin.
It was evident that she was a wealthy woman from the jewelry and other items buried with her. It also seems likely that when she died (in her twenties) in the second half of the 4th century AD she was a Christian as a message carved in bone was found in her grave: “Hail, sister, may you live in God”.
A reconstruction of the face of ‘ivory bangle lady’
Scientific advances since 1901 mean that far more is now known about her. She has been identified as of mixed heritage with at least one parent from north Africa. Applying the same scientific techniques to the remains of others in the same burial ground suggests that maybe 10% of the population of Roman York were of similar heritage. Perhaps you were aware of that but, for me, it was a revelation.
Returning to Pablo Fanque (real name William Darby), I had heard his story before but it was good to hear again about his remarkable life. The fact that he was born in Norwich in 1810 surprised me when I first heard about it but since then I have become more and more aware that the black presence was not restricted to major cities like London, Liverpool and Bristol but could be found in the countryside too. The evidence for this wider black presence can be seen not just in references in newspapers but in paintings and illustrations that date at least as far back as 1658 and may feature in a future post.
Pablo Fanque was a circus impresario and the walk took its name from a great storm that engulfed Pablo’s circus during a show at Harewood. The dramatic description of the storm reminded me of an event I attended recently where we were caught in a flimsy gazebo during a downpour of epic proportions.
Sadly, Susannah died when she was hit by falling beams when a gallery collapsed in the building where the circus was performing but Pablo soldiered on.
My one disappointment?Anyone familiar with the Beatles song Being for the Benefit of Mr Kite might reasonably have expected to see a bear, sadly no bears were in evidence! Apart from that, top marks to Joe and Vanessa for an entertaining and informative walk.
If you are in the Leeds area it would be well worth going on a future Heritage Corner walk and you can find out more here: https://heritagecornerleeds.com/
Lieutenant Colonel Macleod leading the 43rd Light Infantry in the Storming of Badajoz on 6th April 1812 in the Peninsular War. By John Augustus Atkinson
More incredible work by super sleuth John Ellis has now identified 500 individual Black soldiers serving in the British and Irish regiments of the Crown between 1715 and 1860. Among them, two individuals who, had they lived to receive the retrospectively awarded Military General Service Medal 1793-1814 in the late 1840s, would have been two of the most decorated veterans of the Light Division. These men and others like them led incredible lives in the service of the British Crown and yet their names are virtually unknown. Read John’s latest article to find out the full story:
