Category: 19th Century

19th Century black British history

Two new articles highlighting the Black presence across the centuries

The process of re-writing British history to more fully reflect the Black presence continues apace with two new articles for Historycal Roots.

In the first, John Ellis continues his exploration of the presence of soldiers ‘of colour’ in the British Army in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This time he turns his attention to the 20th Regiment of the Light Dragoons. During the period 1797 to 1818 he has identified two dozen men of colour who served in the regiment at one time or another. He has dubbed these men ‘A Band of Brothers’ not least because the names apparently include two sets of brothers. John starts his story at the end with the discharge of a group of men in Ireland in 1818. Five of them, all born on the island of St. Domingo (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic), had enlisted, along with others, in the Caribbean  on the same date in October 1798. They served together, saw colleagues die, and were discharged together after twenty years’ service. John’s article is here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/a-band-of-brothers-the-black-soldiers-of-the-20th-regiment-of-light-dragoons-1797-1818/

The second article is by another stalwart contributor, Audrey Dewjee. The recruitment of Black women to the ATS and WAAF (the branches of the Army and Royal Air Force that were open to women)  in the latter part of World War 2 is relatively well documented. The story of one of them, Nadia Cattouse, can be found elsewhere on this site, she died recently at the age of 99.[1]https://www.historycalroots.com/nadia-cattouse/

What is less well known is that some women of colour, resident in Britain when the War started,  had successfully defeated the colour bar that was in operation at the time and joined up anyway.  Audrey’s article identifies twelve such pioneers. They include Noor-un-Nisa Inayat Khan whose story is relatively well known (she parachuted into France, was captured by the Germans and shot as a spy), and others about whom we know very little at all. Audrey’s article is here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/women-of-colour-in-the-ats-and-waaf-in-the-early-years-of-world-war-2-2/

Margaret A Walcott who featured in the film ‘Hello! West Indies’

References

A Welsh mystery

Wanted

Information leading to the identification of this woman

The lady pictured here features in Audrey Dewjee’s latest article on Welsh Black history.

Audrey explains that at the end of a talk she gave in a small Yorkshire village, a member of the audience showed her this photograph and asked how she could find out who this beautiful young lady was. She had discovered the image in an album inherited after the death of a distant relation, and she had no idea who the young woman might be or how she may have been connected to the family. It was taken in ‘Newtown, North Wales’ (now in Powys) by a photographer named John Owen. Audrey supposes it dates from somewhere around 1890. We invite you to share this image far and wide and let us know of any clues as to the lady’s identity.

It is customary for ‘wanted’ posters to offer some sort of reward, unfortunately we can offer no money but you will earn our immense gratitude, reward enough, surely?!

This is just one of the fascinating snippets contained within Audrey’s article which you can find here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/more-snippets-of-welsh-black-history-1801-to-1900/

Ophelia Powell – A ‘Lady of Colour’ who graced many a music hall stage in Victorian Britain

The Britannia Panopticon Hall, Glasgow, where Ophelia performed in July 1864

John Ellis continues his trawl through the rapidly growing stock of digitised newspaper archives with the story of Ophelia Powell. Probably born in Jamaica in 1839, Ophelia became a big star in the burgeoning music hall scene in Victorian Britain, performing in some of the most prestigious venues as a serio-comic vocalist, a genre we had not previously heard of but one that bore many resemblances to modern stand up comedy. Serio-comics had to be adroit at dealing with hecklers who, in Ophelia’s case, would no doubt have had few qualms about commenting on her colour in robust terms. That she was able to sustain her career for over twenty years speaks volumes for her talent, resilience and determination.

The last trace John found of her in the archives dates from 1876 but where and when Ophelia faced the ‘final curtain’ is not known.

You can read John’s article here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/ophelia-powell-a-victorian-music-hall-star-and-lady-of-colour/

Edward Albert and his descendants

Jack London wearing his 1928 British Olympic blazer [Credit: PHA/8/2/90 © University of Westminster Archive]

Audrey Dewjee’s latest article for Historycal Roots starts with the birth of Edward Albert in Kingston, Jamaica in about 1830 and leads inexorably through the generations to Jack London. Born in British Guiana in January 1905,  Jack won both a gold and a silver medal at the Olympic Games held in Amsterdam in 1928.

Audrey’s article takes us on a fascinating journey. To be honest, the story of Edward Albert is remarkable in its own right, encompassing life in the Royal Navy from the age of nine, the amputation of both legs below the knee at the age of twenty-one, his ‘death’ following the operation (greatly exaggerated as it transpired), time spent begging on the streets, a successful business venture (he was robbed of his profits), marriage and fatherhood. Edward’s resilience in the face of adversity and repeated setbacks is inspiring, but his story does not end there.

Among other discoveries, Audrey has identified two grandsons and a great-grandson who served in the Army during World War One or Two, including one who was captured by the Germans at Arnhem and another who died in Singapore.

Jack London enters the story in 1938 when he married Agnes Downham, a grand-daughter of Albert.

Born during the time of slavery, Edward Albert’s story, and that of many others like him, reminds us of Maya Angelou’s poem:

You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I'll rise.

Thank you, Audrey, for illuminating Black British history with your research and for helping to ensure that people like Edward Albert ‘rise’ and are not forgotten.

You can read the full story here: https://www.historycalroots.com/edward-albert-c-1830-1892-james-buchanan-c-1806-1886-and-their-families/

New discoveries: Black soldiers in Edinburgh 1792-1848

Edinburgh Castle, Scotland

New discoveries cause us to constantly revise our thoughts about history in general and Black British history in particular. More and more records are being digitised and made available online and these lead to new finds and deeper understanding.

Regular contributor, John D Ellis, recently stumbled across a set of data he had never seen before. Careful analysis of the Army attestation registers for Edinburgh, has enabled John to identify the names of over forty Black soldiers who enlisted in British Army regiments between 1792 and 1848 in the city of Edinburgh alone. John makes the point that if such a register was maintained in Edinburgh, similar registers must have been kept in other cities – where are they and what would they reveal about the Black presence in Britain?

We first became aware of John’s work when he spoke at an event we attended in Huddersfield in 2018, what he had to say about the presence of Black soldiers in the British Army in the late 18th and early 19th centuries opened our eyes to an area of black British history that we had been largely unaware of. Since then, our understanding of the Black presence, in terms of both numbers and geographical spread, has come on in leaps and bounds. Working on this site and becoming aware of the work of John, Audrey Dewjee, Ray Costello and many others has been an educational experience for us and, we hope, for you too.

You can read John’s article here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/black-soldiers-and-edinburgh-c-1792-1848/

From Jamaica to Hampton Court

Hampton Court palace

Born on Jamaica in about 1780, a ‘Black man’, John Fitzhenry, had seen service in the British Army  in Spain and in ‘the War of 1812’ in America before the 1841 census found him living at Hampton Court Palace with his wife and three children. John was working there as a servant.

Interesting enough, but John D Ellis’s latest article for Historycal Roots about John Fitzhenry’s life has two postscripts.

The first, identifies some other ‘men of colour’ who served with John Fitzhenry’s regiment (the 14th Dragoons). It includes an instructive detour to Australia where a former officer of the regiment came to an inglorious end whilst hunting down members of the Nyungar tribe, whose ancestors had lived on the land for countless centuries before the arrival of British colonists, in Van Diemen’s Land (now  Tasmania).

The second postscript traces the exploits of John Fitzhenry’s son who competed as an athlete in Yorkshire in the 1840s and subsequently moved to Liverpool.

You can read John’s wide-ranging article here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/from-jamaica-to-hampton-court-palace-private-john-fitzhenry-of-the-14th-dragoons/

Roots entwined

Audrey Dewjee’s latest contribution to Historycal Roots is of particular interest to us and we hope you will find it enlightening too. Audrey has chosen the title ‘Roots entwined’ for the article and in it she explores the history of inter-racial marriage in her home county of Yorkshire.

The earliest mixed marriage she mentions in the article took place in Deptford, London,  in 1613, but, as she puts it, ‘Yorkshire eventually caught up.’ She goes on to mention the marriage of John Quashee and Rebecca Crosby at Thornton by Pocklington on 12s. November 1732.

St Michael’s church, Pocklington, the site of John and Rebecca’s wedding?

Audrey goes on to cite 18th, 19th and 20th century examples. One of her 19th century Yorkshire marriages features John Perry, a Black man born in Annapolis in Nova Scotia in about 1819, who married in Ripon in 1844 and ended his days in Sydney, Australia, having been transported to the penal colony. As an illustration of how ‘entwined’ these stories can become, John Perry has featured in an earlier Historycal Roots article by John Ellis which Audrey references.

Of course, similar stories can be found in virtually any part of the country and there must be people who are puzzled by the results they get back from a DNA test. As Audrey says ‘colour fades quickly if [mixed heritage] children and grandchildren have White partners … and gradually the memory of a Black ancestor fades,’ something my wife and I are only too aware of as we watch our grandson growing up.

Audrey’s article is here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/roots-entwined-inter-racial-families-in-yorkshire/

‘Women of Colour’ in Newgate Gaol

Over recent months we have published a number of stories that John Ellis has produced following his extensive research into Black inmates of Newgate Gaol. We try and draw John’s articles to your attention as they are published but one very important piece of research has not been specifically flagged up in this blog, an oversight that we are now correcting.

We have to take evidence of the Black presence in British history where we can find it. The stories of Black women in Newgate Gaol and of their trials at London’s criminal court, the Old Bailey, may sound unpromising, but working class Black women are rarely reflected in what we might call ‘standard’ history. They are rendered practically invisible precisely by virtue of being, Black, female and poor. The records of Old Bailey trials are available online, easily searched and are an incredibly rich source.[1]https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ In fact, transcripts of court hearings are one of the few places where we hear the voices of Black women of this period in their own words as they desperately plead their innocence.[2]Examples are: Sarah David https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/t18260216-169?text=DAVID; Ann Gilbert https://www.oldbaile:yonline.org/record/t17731208-48?text=GILBERT; Mary Kendrick: … Continue reading

John has identified twenty seven women of colour from the records of Newgate Gaol, not all stood trial at the Old Bailey, and of those that did, not all were found guilty. As is so often the case with John’s work, you will not have seen this history anywhere else!

https://www.historycalroots.com/forgotten-stories-women-of-colour-in-newgate-gaol-1817-1882/

References

The story of Stephen Hannibal

Who gets married in a church like this?

St Jude’s church, upper Chelsea, where Stephen Hannibal married in 1850

Described in later life as ‘a man of colour’, Stephen Hannibal was born in Poplar in 1814. In 1833 he was found guilty of breaking and entering and theft and was transported to Australia for a term of seven years.

He didn’t take easily to his new life in Sydney and was punished with fifty lashes for his contemptuous attitude when ordered to undertake a menial task. The sentence was doubled for the insolent way he responded when told of his punishment.

Not many convicts returned to England after completing their sentence but Stephen Hannibal did. After seven years in the penal colony he took work as a seaman and eventually made his way back to England.

In 1850 Stephen married Elizabeth Mary Ives at St Jude’s church in Upper Chelsea. We cannot know how many of his fellow parishioners were aware of his chequered past nor what they would have made of it. For us, we admire his evident resilience and  instinct for survival.

You can read the full story here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/from-poplar-to-new-south-wales-and-back-stephen-hannibal-convict-seaman-and-servant/

Waterloo Day?

As we gear up to commemorate the arrival of the Empire Windrush at Tilbury on 21st June 1948 (the passengers disembarked on 22nd) spare a thought for the contribution of an earlier generation of black men to the history of Britain.

On the morning of 18th June 1815 black men stood shoulder to shoulder with their white comrades-in-arms in open countryside nine miles south of Brussels. This was the start of the Battle of Waterloo, a battle that shaped British history, European history in fact, for generations to come. Napoleon’s last throw of the dice ended in the defeat of his army and on 21st June he returned to Paris and abdicated (for the second time). A famous British victory but, in the words of Arthur Wellesley (the 1st Duke of Wellington), commander of the troops facing Napoleon, it was ‘the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.’

Trumpet Major James Goodwin was just one of the Black soldiers who was in the thick of the action at Waterloo. You can read about him here:

http://www.historycalroots.com/trumpet-major-james-goodwin-a-black-hero-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/

But he was not the only ‘man of colour’ to see action that day. John Ellis has also written for Historycal Roots about a selection of them:

  • Peter Bishop
  • William Afflick (Affleck)
  • George Rose, and
  • Thomas James

You can use the website’s index to read about them:

https://www.historycalroots.com/a-z-index/

Anyone who has visited the south coast of England will have seen defences set up to repel invasion, many date from the Second World War but there are also plenty of traces of the earlier threat of invasion by Napoleonic France – Martello towers dotted along the coast are the most obvious. That Napoleon posed a threat is beyond doubt. That black soldiers played a part in defending these shores is equally certain.

Unlike the Windrush passengers, who undoubtedly changed the nature of modern Britain, the contribution of black soldiers (and sailors) during the existential struggle against Napoleon, goes unremarked. So, while we celebrate Windrush Day let’s also remember ‘Waterloo Day’!