Author: roots1937

Roots entwined

Audrey Dewjee’s latest contribution to Historycal Roots is of particular interest to us and we hope you will find it enlightening too. Audrey has chosen the title ‘Roots entwined’ for the article and in it she explores the history of inter-racial marriage in her home county of Yorkshire.

The earliest mixed marriage she mentions in the article took place in Deptford, London,  in 1613, but, as she puts it, ‘Yorkshire eventually caught up.’ She goes on to mention the marriage of John Quashee and Rebecca Crosby at Thornton by Pocklington on 12s. November 1732.

St Michael’s church, Pocklington, the site of John and Rebecca’s wedding?

Audrey goes on to cite 18th, 19th and 20th century examples. One of her 19th century Yorkshire marriages features John Perry, a Black man born in Annapolis in Nova Scotia in about 1819, who married in Ripon in 1844 and ended his days in Sydney, Australia, having been transported to the penal colony. As an illustration of how ‘entwined’ these stories can become, John Perry has featured in an earlier Historycal Roots article by John Ellis which Audrey references.

Of course, similar stories can be found in virtually any part of the country and there must be people who are puzzled by the results they get back from a DNA test. As Audrey says ‘colour fades quickly if [mixed heritage] children and grandchildren have White partners … and gradually the memory of a Black ancestor fades,’ something my wife and I are only too aware of as we watch our grandson growing up.

Audrey’s article is here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/roots-entwined-inter-racial-families-in-yorkshire/

A handsome new book about the Empire Windrush

In recent years our knowledge of who was on the Empire Windrush when she docked at Tilbury in June 1948 has developed considerably. Bill Hern has played a big part in this and some of the fruits of his latest research can be found in a new book produced by the Windrush Foundation. It is beautifully illustrated – I was going to describe it as a great ‘coffee table’ book, but such books are usually used as rarely opened adornments, this book is so much more than that. The words tell the stories of over eighty of the Windrush passengers, most of which have never previously been told. If you still believe the passengers on the Windrush were all Jamaican men coming to the UK in search of work, this book will set you straight!

My understanding is that the book is only available through the Windrush Foundation, it can be downloaded as a free e-book / pdf via this link:

http://www.windrushfoundation.com

 

‘Women of Colour’ in Newgate Gaol

Over recent months we have published a number of stories that John Ellis has produced following his extensive research into Black inmates of Newgate Gaol. We try and draw John’s articles to your attention as they are published but one very important piece of research has not been specifically flagged up in this blog, an oversight that we are now correcting.

We have to take evidence of the Black presence in British history where we can find it. The stories of Black women in Newgate Gaol and of their trials at London’s criminal court, the Old Bailey, may sound unpromising, but working class Black women are rarely reflected in what we might call ‘standard’ history. They are rendered practically invisible precisely by virtue of being, Black, female and poor. The records of Old Bailey trials are available online, easily searched and are an incredibly rich source.[1]https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ In fact, transcripts of court hearings are one of the few places where we hear the voices of Black women of this period in their own words as they desperately plead their innocence.[2]Examples are: Sarah David https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/t18260216-169?text=DAVID; Ann Gilbert https://www.oldbaile:yonline.org/record/t17731208-48?text=GILBERT; Mary Kendrick: … Continue reading

John has identified twenty seven women of colour from the records of Newgate Gaol, not all stood trial at the Old Bailey, and of those that did, not all were found guilty. As is so often the case with John’s work, you will not have seen this history anywhere else!

https://www.historycalroots.com/forgotten-stories-women-of-colour-in-newgate-gaol-1817-1882/

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West Indian airmen at Hunmanby Moor in World War Two

It is with real pleasure that we welcome Audrey Dewjee back to the pages of Historycal Roots. Her latest article describes something of the experiences of the 4,000 RAF West Indian airmen who were stationed at Hunmanby Moor in Yorkshire during the Second World War. The subject has been very close to Audrey’s heart for a long time and her article has been a real labour of love which we are delighted to lay before you. Veterans Alford Gardner and Gilbert Clarke (pictured) were among those present at the unveiling of a commemorative plaque in the nearby town of Filey in 2023. You can read Audrey’s article here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/west-indian-airmen-at-raf-hunmanby-moor-filey/

Thomas Smith: A ‘man of colour’ in the Royal Air Force in 1918

You have to be careful about claiming to have identified the ‘first’ of anything in the past, there is always the chance someone will find an earlier example – wise words that historian Ray Costello shared over a convivial lunch in Liverpool some years ago.

John Ellis is far too canny to fall into that trap but he has identified Flight Sergeant Thomas Smith, a ‘man of colour’ from Barnstaple in Devon, as a founding member of the Royal Air Force when it was formed on 1st April 1918. As a ‘founding member’ you can’t get much more ‘first’ than that, although it is possible, of course, that there were other Black men who joined on the same day.

Perhaps others stories will emerge but, for now, we celebrate Flight Sergeant Thomas Smith.  Thomas, who had a Black father, a White mother and an American grandfather, got into the RAF in spite of the provisions of the Royal Air Force (Constitution) Act of 1917 which restricted entry to men of ‘pure European descent’. Thomas was able to get round this manifestation of the institutional racism of the time because he was already serving as a Petty Officer in the Royal Navy Air Service and was able to transfer across into the newly formed RAF.

Thomas came from a humble background. His father, Moses, was a ‘hawker’ (a street trader) and his mother, Elizabeth, the daughter of a mussel gatherer, was also a fish hawker prior to her marriage to Moses. Moses, who undoubtedly faced racism, was no stranger to the Barnstable constabulary and was in the local gaol on more than one occasion. But he was also an eloquent man, well able to speak up for himself. He was also known to box at the local fair and there were occasions when he used his pugilistic skills to defend himself as the need arose.

Thomas had more than one brush with the law himself. In May 1911 he took revenge for an assault on his father by attacking both the father and sister of the culprit. He was serving in the Royal Navy at the time and his Commanding Officer spoke up for him, describing him as ‘a very good character’ and ‘a very good man’.

HMS Indefatigable, © IWM.

When war broke out in 1914 Thomas Smith was serving on the battlecruiser HMS Indefatigable and he saw active service in the Dardanelles and North Atlantic. The Indefatigable was sunk at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 with the loss of almost the entire crew of around 1,000. Fortunately Thomas, following promotion to the rank of Petty Officer, had been transferred to another ship in December 1915 – a lucky escape.

You can learn much more about Thomas Smith, including his ground-breaking time in the RAF, in John Ellis’s latest article for Historycal Roots. It really is a remarkable story:

https://www.historycalroots.com/flight-sergeant-thomas-smith-a-founding-member-of-the-royal-air-force/

 

The story of Stephen Hannibal

Who gets married in a church like this?
St Jude’s church, upper Chelsea, where Stephen Hannibal married in 1850

Described in later life as ‘a man of colour’, Stephen Hannibal was born in Poplar in 1814. In 1833 he was found guilty of breaking and entering and theft and was transported to Australia for a term of seven years.

He didn’t take easily to his new life in Sydney and was punished with fifty lashes for his contemptuous attitude when ordered to undertake a menial task. The sentence was doubled for the insolent way he responded when told of his punishment.

Not many convicts returned to England after completing their sentence but Stephen Hannibal did. After seven years in the penal colony he took work as a seaman and eventually made his way back to England.

In 1850 Stephen married Elizabeth Mary Ives at St Jude’s church in Upper Chelsea. We cannot know how many of his fellow parishioners were aware of his chequered past nor what they would have made of it. For us, we admire his evident resilience and  instinct for survival.

You can read the full story here:

https://www.historycalroots.com/from-poplar-to-new-south-wales-and-back-stephen-hannibal-convict-seaman-and-servant/

A Windrush welcome in a Balham church

By Bill Hern

There is no doubt that many of the West Indian passengers who disembarked from the Empire Windrush on 22nd June 1948 suffered challenges and hardships in the ‘Mother Country’ but there were also a great many acts of kindness that should not be forgotten. None more so than that shown by a church in Balham on the first Sunday after the ship’s arrival in Tilbury.

The Church of Ascension in Malwood Road, Balham in London is situated only a few hundred yards from the Clapham South Deep Shelter where on 27th June 1948 over one hundred West Indian men (they were all men) were about to spend their first Sunday in England after arriving in the country five days earlier.

Reverend Bryn Thomas, the Vicar of the Church of Ascension, awoke that morning thinking about the West Indians temporarily housed in the Deep Shelter far beneath the trains running on the Northern Line. Most of the occupants of the Deep Shelter would have been regular churchgoers in the Caribbean but, over 4,000 miles from home and their local churches, they were faced with what appeared likely to be a pretty miserable day. The weather forecast was for coolish temperatures with the occasional shower. In the England of the 1940s everything closed on a Sunday and of course there was no television and certainly no Sunday football. All that lay in store for the men was a day walking and chatting on Clapham Common and perhaps taking shelter from the showers in the huge marquee that had been specially erected on the Common.

Reverend Thomas had the idea of inviting the men to a party at the Church that evening. He made the short walk to the Shelter and announced that all were welcome.

It seems that Reverend Thomas made this offer before he had secured the support of the congregation as he only announced his plan at the morning service. This created a flurry of activity.

When it was realised that there was insufficient crockery a churchwarden came to the rescue by procuring a bathchair to wheel to nearby St Luke’s Church where he was able to borrow seventy cups and saucers. With the rattling of crockery no doubt disturbing the peaceful Sunday afternoon he trundled back to the Church of Ascension without any reported breakages.

Women members of the church rallied to the cause and baked two hundred cakes in a single afternoon as well as making and cutting a similar number of sandwiches. This amazing achievement is made all the more remarkable and commendable as this was during a period of rationing and, as a Church representative Mr. W H Garland told The Clapham Observer, they had to “scrounge tea and sugar.” No doubt many Church members sacrificed their own allowance in order to entertain their West Indian guests.

It is a sign of the times that newspaper reports assumed the baking and sandwich making was the preserve of the female members of the Church.

Between eighty and one hundred of the men from the Deep Shelter accepted the invitation  to the Church.

The event was a tremendous success and was even reported in the national press, the Daily Herald of 28th June gave it the headline “Threw A Party For Men From Jamaica.” Mr. W H Garland said that the West Indians were “charming people; they were churchmen and keen.”

Final word must go to one of the West Indians who, after the evening service and the ‘party’ said he and his compatriots had been given “the time of our lives.”

By mid-July all the West Indians had found work and left the Deep Shelter, the marquee was taken down and Clapham South returned to normality.

However, the links with the Empire Windrush don’t end there. On 23rd February 1952 Lloyd Barrington Jackson – passenger number 704 – married Grethel Christine Webster at the Church of Ascension and the officiating Vicar was Reverend Bryn Thomas.

The scene of Lloyd and Grethel’s nuptials

The Church of Ascension (now known simply as Ascension Balham) has remained a place that welcomes everyone. It is a vibrant community Church (see the link below). If anyone is doing a Windrush-related tour they could do a lot worse than stopping off at the Church for coffee and cake and a very warm welcome while they imagine the evening of 27th June 1948 and that great act of kindness.

http://Ascension Balham

Sarah Woodbine: A Black Nurse in Victorian Britain

Those of you who follow us on Facebook or Twitter should be aware of our new book about a Black Nurse in Victorian Britain. If you have missed the news, read on…

You will have heard of Mary Seacole, some of you may have heard of Annie Brewster, now the name Sarah Woodbine can be added to the (very short) list of Black nurses in Britain pre-1900, You can read a short piece about her here: https://www.historycalroots.com/sarah-woodbine-a-black…/

Better still, why not buy the book we have written about her?

It is available on Amazon and also as a Kindle e-book:
 

The book is dedicated to nurses everywhere and we will be donating royalties to NHS Charities Together.

 

Waterloo Day?

As we gear up to commemorate the arrival of the Empire Windrush at Tilbury on 21st June 1948 (the passengers disembarked on 22nd) spare a thought for the contribution of an earlier generation of black men to the history of Britain.

On the morning of 18th June 1815 black men stood shoulder to shoulder with their white comrades-in-arms in open countryside nine miles south of Brussels. This was the start of the Battle of Waterloo, a battle that shaped British history, European history in fact, for generations to come. Napoleon’s last throw of the dice ended in the defeat of his army and on 21st June he returned to Paris and abdicated (for the second time). A famous British victory but, in the words of Arthur Wellesley (the 1st Duke of Wellington), commander of the troops facing Napoleon, it was ‘the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.’

Trumpet Major James Goodwin was just one of the Black soldiers who was in the thick of the action at Waterloo. You can read about him here:

http://www.historycalroots.com/trumpet-major-james-goodwin-a-black-hero-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/

But he was not the only ‘man of colour’ to see action that day. John Ellis has also written for Historycal Roots about a selection of them:

  • Peter Bishop
  • William Afflick (Affleck)
  • George Rose, and
  • Thomas James

You can use the website’s index to read about them:

https://www.historycalroots.com/a-z-index/

Anyone who has visited the south coast of England will have seen defences set up to repel invasion, many date from the Second World War but there are also plenty of traces of the earlier threat of invasion by Napoleonic France – Martello towers dotted along the coast are the most obvious. That Napoleon posed a threat is beyond doubt. That black soldiers played a part in defending these shores is equally certain.

Unlike the Windrush passengers, who undoubtedly changed the nature of modern Britain, the contribution of black soldiers (and sailors) during the existential struggle against Napoleon, goes unremarked. So, while we celebrate Windrush Day let’s also remember ‘Waterloo Day’!

Unforgotten Lives: An exhibition at the London Metropolitan Archives

 

I recently visited the ‘Unforgotten Lives’ exhibition at the London Metropolitan Archives in Clerkenwell. If you live in London or visit any time before 27th March 2024, the exhibition is well worth a look. Some of the stories may be relatively familiar (Olaudah Equiano, Ignatius Sancho, Dido Elizabeth Belle, etc) others will be new to just about everyone.

The story of John Satia was one I wasn’t familiar with. Born on Barbados in c1689, he was enslaved and brought to London when he was about two years old by Thomas Gerrard, a merchant.

Nothing is known of John’s early years in London but in 1725 he completed a seven year apprenticeship as a joiner and was admitted to the Worshipful Company of Joiners. In 1729 Thomas Gerrard died and left John an annuity of £10. On 7th September 1731 John’s application to become a Freeman of the City of London was considered by the Aldermen and was accepted, this allowed him to take on apprentices of his own and expand his business.

Just seven days later the Aldermen who considered the application (most of whom had links with the trade in enslaved people or with the East India Company) met again and decided that henceforth Black people were to be prohibited from obtaining Freedom of the City. This marked a new phase in the development of institutional racism. Although there is evidence that John was able to continue trading others were denied the opportunity to follow in his footsteps.

John Satia died in 1753 and was buried at St James, Clerkenwell.[1]https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/events/unforgotten-lives-exhibition

If you do visit the exhibition why not visit Spa Fields, scene of riots in 1816, directly across the road from the Archives. Now a pleasant public park, it is the ideal place for a sandwich on a sunny day, although it is hard to reconcile the neat and tidy park of today with its tumultuous past.

 

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